Which ethical decision-making model involves identifying problem, reviewing codes, exploring alternatives, deciding, and documenting?

• A. The ACA/APA-style decision-making model (identify the problem, review relevant ethics codes, consider alternatives and consequences, consult as needed, decide on action, document and monitor).
• B. The purely intuitive approach.
• C. The medical model of diagnosis.
• D. A model that excludes consultation with codes.

Answer: (A)

This question tests a structured ethical decision-making process used in counseling practice. The model described follows a clear sequence that keeps the counselor aligned with professional standards and client welfare: first identify the ethical problem, then review relevant ethics codes to anchor the issue in established obligations; next explore alternatives and their consequences to weigh options responsibly; consult as needed with supervisors or ethics resources to gain perspective; decide on an action, and finally document and monitor the outcome to ensure accountability and future reference. This approach is essential because it moves decision-making from a gut reaction to a systematic assessment that integrates professional codes, potential impacts, and ongoing follow-up.

The strength of this model lies in its explicit incorporation of codes and documentation, which helps prevent ad hoc or personal-rights-driven decisions that might violate ethical standards. It also promotes collaboration through consultation and ensures a record exists of how the decision was made and what was done, which is crucial for accountability and quality of care.

In contrast, a purely intuitive approach relies on subjective judgment without a formal framework; the medical model of diagnosis is focused on assigning clinical labels rather than guiding ethical choices; and a model that excludes consultation with codes would ignore the very standards that govern professional conduct.